The uses of sonar in medicine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The uses of sonar in medicine - Essay Example In 2D ultrasound technology alone, many improvements have occurred with reference to resolution, image quality, range of indications and availability. In 3-D scanning, the sound waves are sent in different angles and a sophisticated computer program is used to reconstruct a 3-dimensional volume image using the reflected echoes, thus allowing one to gauge not only the height and width of the organs but also the depth. 3D ultrasound has applications in cardiovascular scanning also. The technology allows quantification of the volume of the plaque and direct visualization of arterial atherosclerosis. 3D ultrasound has has applications in interventional sonology, both in operative interventions and minimally invasive procedures. Therapeutic applications include lithotripsy, tumor ablation, acoustic targeted drug delivery, phacoemulsification, cleaning of teeth, sclerotherapy, lipectomy and elastography. Thus, sonar has wide range application in medical field. Introduction Sonar, commonly known as ultrasound, is a cyclic sound pressure delivered at a frequency that is much above the upper limit of hearing of human beings. Sound waves above 20 kilohertz fall into this category. Sonar is applied for several uses in many fields including medicine. In medicine, sonar is mainly used for diagnostic purposes and is called ultrasound. The method of diagnosis is known as ultrasonography. There are 2 types of sonography, 2D and 3D. 2D is more commonly used. It has has several therapeutic applications. 2D ultrasound is useful to visualize tendons, muscles and many internal organs in order to capture the size, structure and pathological lesions through real time tomographic images. In 2D ultrasound technology alone, many improvements have occurred with reference to resolution, image quality, range of indications and availability. In 3-D scanning, the sound waves are sent in different angles and a sophisticated computer program is used to reconstruct a 3-dimensional volume image using the reflected echoes, thus allowing one

Heart Rate and Exercise Experiment Results

Heart Rate and Exercise Experiment Results M3 Present data collected before and after a standard period of exercise with reference to validity For M3 I am going to discuss data that was collect before and after the period of exercise. The data will be in reference to the validity of the results. There are a number of things that may have affects the results of our period of exercise as we did not discuss what we eat before the exercise, different weights, if there were any energy drinks drank before the exercise and if there were any pauses between taking results. In the first table to results it shows what Laura and Christines resting heart rate and resting breathing rate per minutes. The method of measuring was to time our heart rate for 15 secs then multiply the result by 4 to get what our heart rate would be for a minute. The same method was used to find out our breathing rate per minute. With this method I would say that it would be accurate although it can all depend on the person as the heart rate may not always stay at the one rhythm so this may make the results invalid. Exercise, emotions, fever and some medications can cause your heart to beat faster, sometimes to well over 100 beats per minute. www.my.clevelandclinic.org Table of results Lauras resting heart rate = 80 bpm Lauras resting breathing rate= 20 Christines resting heart rate= 56 bpm Christines resting breathing rate = 14 Table of heart rate and breaths per minutes after 2 minutes exercise Heart rate per minute- Laura Heart rate per minute- Christine Breathing rate per minute Laura Breathing rate per minute- Christine 80 56 20 14 152 118 60 60 128 94 48 52 120 80 40 36 104 74 36 24 84 62 32 16 80 56 20 14 For our result we both ran up and down stairs for two minutes this was our method of exercise to make it accurate the exercise was set so that we were both doing the same method. Although the level of the exercise could make the results less accurate as one of us may have been running faster which would make one persons heart rate higher than the others. Lauras weight would be heavier than Christines so this may be why my heart rate is higher than Christines as the heart needs to work harder to the heart blood pumping round the body. The level of fitness affects heart rate, which tends to increase if youre overweight. An increased resting heart rate puts more stress on your heart during and following exercise. www.healthyliving.azcentral.com Before taking part in the exercise or taking result we did not discuss what we ate that morning which can affect the results as what we eat can depend on how much energy that we have. If someone eat carbohydrates before exercise it can help to increase blood glucose and glycogen levels. If you dont have enough glycogen, you wont have the energy to exercise to the best of your ability. www.bupa.co.uk The results in the table of heart rate and breaths per minutes after 2 minutes exercise show the heart rate for Laura went down faster than Christines heart rate. Although being overweight can affect the rate in which the heart rate goes back to the resting heart rate. While being overweight may affect the heart rate, I do dance dvds and go on the treadmill so this may be why the heart rate did not take long to go back to the resting heart rate. While taking the heart rate and breath rate it was hard to know when were started taking the heart rate/breathing rate and when we stopped as Christine did not make this clear. Therefore, the measurements may not have actually been 15 secs each time this would mean that the results are not accurate as the measurements could be a few secs out. With the breathing rate per minute results the Christines breathing rate started to rest as a slower pace than Lauras but after the third reading her breathing rate started to decrease faster than Lauras. it was hard to measure the breathing rate as within 15 secs there was only a few breaths taken so it did not really seem accurate but once the amount of breaths per 15 secs was multiplied by 4 it all added up being it look more accurate although I still would not say that the method that we used to take the breaths was not the best to use for accuracy. For the breathing rate I would say that exercise for 5 minutes would be better than 2 minutes as after 2 minutes the breathing rate did not go overly higher but after 5 minutes the breathing rate would have been a lot higher there for the time in which the breathing rate went back to normal would have took longer although this would not really change the results much it would make the results more valid as there would be more off them. The resting rests for both the heart rate and breathing rate would be the most accurate result as it was taking three times for more accurate results then we added the three together and multiplied by 3 to find out what the main rate would be for both of the readings. I think that if the heart rate and breathing rate was measure for 1 minute instead of 15 seconds then multiplying by 4 the results would be more accurate as there was breaks in between resetting the timer which would affect the rate in which the heart and breathing rate was going down as if there were no breaks at all the results would have been different making them more accurate than the results that we did get.

Sacred Scripture :: essays research papers

The term 'Scripture' refers to the sacred writing of the Old and New Testament. Sacred Scripture are the books which 'contain the truth of God?s revelation and were composed by human authors inspired by the Holy Spirit' (CCC 105). Sacred Scripture is one of the several names denoting the inspired writings which make up the Old and New Testament. The words of the Sacred Scriptures, 'for their part proclaim the works and bring light to the mystery they contain'. The term 'Tradition' refers to the living transmission of the Gospel in the Church. ?The oral preaching of the Apostles, and the written message of salvation under the inspiration of the Holy Spirit, are conserved and handed on as a deposit of faith through the apostolic succession in the Church? (CCC 77-78). Sacred or apostolic tradition consists of the teachings that the apostles passed on orally through their preaching. These teachings overlap with those contained in Scripture, but the mode of their transmission is different. However, Tradition generally refers to Christian teachings and practices outside of the Bible that are handed down from generation to generation. Sacred Scripture and Tradition consist of similar teachings, but these teachings are transmitted in different ways, Sacred Scripture is the speech of God as it is put down in writing under the breath of the Holy Spirit (CCC 81) while, Tradition transmits in its entirety the Word of God which has been entrusted to the apostles by Christ the Lord and the Holy Spirit (CCC 81) Scripture and Tradition are related in Catholic Theology. They are connected to one another, ?Sacred Tradition and Sacred Scripture make up a single deposit of the Word of God? (CCC 97). ?Both the living Tradition and the written Scripture have their common source in the revelation of God in Jesus Christ? (CCC 75-82). Catholics view Scripture and Tradition as two sources of revelation. Revelation is the way in which God reveals his divine plan to all mankind, it is ?God?s communication of himself, by which he makes known the mystery of his divine plan? (CCC 50). God reveals himself through Sacred Scripture and Catholic Tradition. God revealed himself most fully through the Son (The Word), Jesus Christ, and there will be no further Revelation after him. However, through Scripture and Tradition, the mystery of God has been passed down through the ages.

Confirmation Bias Essay

Confirmation bias can influence perceptions is about not only what has already occurred but also our predictions of what yet occur. Confirmation bias can generate their own confirmations, some of these perceptions and predictions (Myers, 2012, p. 72). The phenomenon of confirmation bias starts with overconfidence, which can originate in a lack of knowledge regarding a topic or task. It I was to ask someone that is overconfident if they were good at some task or operation in which they no experience or expertise, they would answer with a resounding affirmation that they would be good at any task they do. However, this overconfidence may only be born of an ignorance of what the task or operation really requires to be performed successfully. Sometimes it is our memories that lead us astray into a false confidence. Remembering times when we were â€Å"almost† right perhaps (Myers, 2012, p. 75). We can often remember what we want to remember rather than what actually occurred. We often hear what we wanted to hear. Sometimes we even tell ourselves there were reasons for some of our less conscious actions. Intellectual deceit is a phenomenon that fortifies and cultivates the occurrence of confirmation bias. Myers (2012) states â€Å"The â€Å"intellectual conceit† evident in judgments of past knowledge (â€Å"I knew it all along†) extends to estimates of current knowledge and predictions of future behavior. We know we’ve messed up in the past. But we have more positive expectations for our future performance in meeting deadlines, managing relationships, following an exercise routine, and so forth (p. 72). Another statement by Myers (2012) is â€Å"The construction of positive memories brightens our recollections† (p. 77). I believe this tendency helps us not only to develop enough intellectual deceit to become overconfident which leads to bias, but also this inherent psychosocial, psychological trait or habit causes us to recall our previous thoughts, intentions, and actions in  such a way that sheds favorable enough light on them for us to then perceive if not generate some sort of confirmation of our bias.

Family Affairs Essay

For this paper, I selected two works of literature, â€Å"The Love of My Life,† and â€Å"Everyday Use. † â€Å"The Love of My Life† by T. Coraghessan Boyle deals with teenage love that transition into turmoil. â€Å"Everyday Use† by Alice Walker revolves around the social and economic differences between generations. Throughout this paper, I will be comparing the economic, educational, and social cultures of the families presented in each story. While both stories take very different paths, both illustrate the depth of which family members will go for one another. There are several relations exemplifying social comparisons. Jeremy and China are both young souls venturing out to learn the life lessons of the surrounding world. Mama, Maggie and the pretentious Dee have very conflicting views of the world. One of the social differences the families face is the contrast in age differences. Jeremy and China are from the same generation. They share many of the same views and perspectives on events and situations around them. In â€Å"Everyday Use†, there are two different generations that have conflicting views. This internal conflict between Mama and Dee is the leading comparison of their story. Jeremy and China, have an external force applying conflict onto their relationship. Their poor choices have led them down a path in which strife and confrontation are inevitable. One is shown this when Jeremy and China are arguing in the hotel room over the handling of their situation (Boyle 561). Conversely there is an internal conflict between Mama and Dee. Walter shows Dee never brings anyone home due to her embarrassment of her family (Walker 315). In both situations, conflicts pull the families apart but their love for each other holds them together through their difficult situations. The economic differences are the most apparent difference between the two families. Jeremy and China both come from upper middle class families. Boyle speaks of their playing tennis and watching football on a 36 inch TV in the kitchen (Boyle 556). In â€Å"Everyday Use†, Mama goes into detail about the description of their house. She states that it does not have windows, but it has hide shaped holes in the make shift walls (Walker 316). The economic differences between the two families are clear. The family with a stable financial background could easily avoid the type of strife Jeremy and China are faced with. Along that same pattern of thought, there should be some level of ignorance for one’s actions within Mama’s family. Ignorance is exemplified by Jeremy and China with their lack of regard for their actions, while Dee shows a sense of pride for her heritage for the first time in her life. This shows an interesting conflict between the relationship of economic stability and the choices one makes. Simply put, there is not a simple choice. This is compelling because those of privilege often find themselves in situations of despair due to the poor choices they make. Another striking and illumination difference is the education of these families. Jeremy and China are heading off to college to further their young minds. However, this gives one a sense that they should be more aware of the consequences their actions may bring. This however is not the case. Jeremy and China both set off on a path of self-gratification and leave little room for reasoning and foresight. One is drawn to the conclusion that China and Jeremy are intelligent young adults. They both have been accepted to respectable universities, and China is striving to outshine others with a higher GPA (Boyle 559). Contrary to China and Jeremy, Mama states that she is not very well educated. Mama did not receive an education past the second grade due to her school’s closing (Walker 316). However, her daughter Dee is off at college taking her education to a level her mother couldn’t achieve. The education gap between mother and daughter leads to both the conflict and the sympathy between the two. The educational comparison between these two families goes against today’s social expectations. The more educated family goes down a terrible life altering path, while the less educated family has a conflict over quilts. Usually one finds those with less education in situations where foresight and planning would prevent their problem, but in these stories, it is just the opposite. A more in-depth look at the social constraints facing our two families in question reveals several insights. You have one group that is provided for in every way they need. They are given all the tools they need to succeed in life. They come from a background of money and privilege. All of their basic needs and desires are taken care of with minimal effort on their part. The other group is one more of a post-civil rights movement in which education and luxury were not easy to come by. This group also spans a generational gap that is not present in their counter parts. Given the nature in which hard work and sacrifice was all Mama knew, she passed that on to her daughter while unknowingly protecting them from the ill-faded temptations of the privileged Jeremy and China. Taking a look at how the society views those with privilege and education, one often hears â€Å"I can’t believe something like that would happen to them. † Yet those same people hear of the less privileged having the same types of problems. They instantly jump to blaming their upbringing or surrounding. In Jeremy and China’s case, if their privileged lives meant a better education and upbringing, they should have foreseen trouble. Similarly, the hard work and sacrifice instilled by Mama into Dee led her to reach out and gain an appreciation for her family and heritage that she never had before. After looking at the differences between the economical, educational, and social cultures of our two families, it is apparant many different factors go into the possible outcome of one’s path. Above all else, it comes down to a choice. Jeremy and China made a choice just like Mama and Dee made a choice. The surrounding factors play only a small fraction into the outcome when the right choices are made. Whether one pick’s â€Å"Everyday Use† by Alice Walker or â€Å"The Love of My Life† by T. Coraghessan Boyle, changing the choices our protagonists would completely change the outcome of each story. Just because one is privileged doesn’t mean one will make the right decisions. The power of a choice lies within a person’s willingness to overcome economical, educational, and social perils. Work Cited Walker, Alice. â€Å"Everyday Use. † Making Literature Matter: An Anthology for Readers and Writers. 5th ed. Ed. John Schilb and John Clifford. Boston: Bedford, 2012. 314-21. Print. Boyle, T. Coraghessan. â€Å"The Love of My Life. † Making Literature Matter: An Anthology for Readers and Writers. 5th ed. Ed. John Schilb and John Clifford. Boston: Bedford, 2012. 556-69. Print.