Antibacterial Agents in the Therapy of Urinary Tract...

SECTION TWO 1. Which antibacterial agent(s) would be effective in the therapy of Mr BT’s urinary tract infection? Cephalexin and Gentamicin would be effective since they are equally sensitive to the pseudomonas aeruginosa microbe which implies they will kill the microbe and work against the bacteria. 2. State the mechanisms of action of each of these agents. Cephalexin, is a beta-lactam antibiotic. The antibiotic binds to specific penicillin-binding proteins positioned inside the bacterial cell wall, this inhibits the third and last stage of bacterial cell wall synthesis. The consequences are fatal to the susceptible bacteria but comparatively harmless for the human cells because the latter does not possess such a structure. Cell†¦show more content†¦3. Outline the pathophysiology underlying Mr BT’s hypersensitivity to penicillin Mr BT has a medical history of hypersensitivity to penicillin, this indicates that he has a penicillin allergy. Penicillin allergy happens when the immune system reacts to the drug as if it were a dangerous substance instead of a helpful remedy. The immune system activates certain cells to produce immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies to fight the component of penicillin to which the patient is allergic too. Chemicals release by the immune cells can cause the signs and symptoms related with an allergic reaction. Penicillin is a simple structure and of low molecular weight. It has been identified that low molecular weight substances are able to illicit immune responses are called haptens. Alone, haptens cannot cause an immune response it must bind to innate proteins in the plasma and cell surfaces to form hapten-carrier complexes. Most haptens are the breakdown products which are isomers of penicillin (Neal Michael, 2012). The beta-lactam ring is unsteady and when it binds to a protein it acylates lysine residues bring about in a penicilloyl epitope known as benzylpenicilloyl .These hapten-carrier complexes are recognized as antigen by IgE on mast cells and basophiles (Neal Michael, 2012). 4. Given the fact that Mr BT is allergic to penicillins, is cephalexin therapy contraindicated here? Yes, the use of cephalosporin will produce hypersensitivityShow MoreRelatedantimicrobial agents933 Words   |  4 PagesAntimicrobial Agents Lisette Vazquez October 27, 2013 Antimicrobial Agents Antimicrobial agents are utilized to kill microorganisms that cause infections. In order to be able to kill these microorganisms we must have an understanding of the factor associated with the infection. The purpose of this paper is to explore the different types of antimicrobial agents and the differences between viral and bacterial infections. Antimicrobial Agent Categories There are several antimicrobial agents to treatRead MoreGeneric Name : Anticoagulant And Antithrombotic Agent1334 Words   |  6 PagesWarfarin GENERIC NAME: Warfarin sodium BRAND NAME: Coumadin CLASS: Anticoagulant and antithrombotic agent DOSAGE: 1mg, 2mg, 3mg, 5mg, and 10mg oral initially 10mg orally daily for 2-4 days then maintenance dose of 2-10 dosage daily WHAT IS IT USED FOR: warfarin is a blood thinner, which reduces the formation of blood clot. Warfarin is used to treat or prevent blood clots in veins or arteries which can be reduce the risk of stroke and heart attack. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: In a heart attack, the bloodRead MoreCanagliflozin is Used for Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Melitus912 Words   |  4 Pagestype 2 diabetes mellitus as monotherapy or in combination therapy with other antidiabetic agents to improve glycemic control.1 It belongs to a class of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2). Canagliflozin reduces reabsorption of filtered glucose from the tubular lumen by inhibiting SGLT2 in the proximal renal tubule.1,2 SGLT2 is the main site of filtered glucose reabsorption; reduction of filtered glucose reabsorption result in increased urinary excretion of glucose, thereby reducing plasma glucoseRead MoreEffectiveness of Basil Plant for Urinary Tract Infection3511 Words   |  15 PagesEFFECTIVENESS OF BASIL ( Ocimum Basilicum Lamiaceace ) PLANT FOR URINARY TRACT INFECTION INTRODUCTION Background of the Study The care of Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) is a common costly problem in acute care and home care population. Many therapies have been made for the treatment. Despite this, the patient still suffer from pains when urinating and the financial burden. In the locality, Urinary Tract Infection was commonly experienced among teenagers due to lifestyle and diet. Nurses in the communityRead MoreNew Drugs For Breast Cancer Treatment Essay1382 Words   |  6 PagesNovel chemotherapeutic agent: †¢ â€Å"Chemotherapeutic agents† are the drug which used to inhibit or kill microorganisms without affecting host body cells. Cancer chemotherapeutic agents New Drugs for Breast Cancer Treatment: 1. Herceptin: ïÆ' ¼ Type of drug: Monoclonal antibody A class of drugs developed to work alone or together with chemotherapy to seek out and attack specific cancer cells. ïÆ' ¼ Mechanism: Herceptin attaches itself to a protein called HER2 that is found on the surface of 20 to 25 percentRead MoreModern Medicine Must Not Be Possible Without The Discovery Of Antibiotics1472 Words   |  6 Pages Many achievements of modern medicine would not be possible without the discovery of antibiotics. Because of their ability to eradicate a wide variety of bacteria, antibiotics have become the predominant treatment of bacterial infections. Through misuse, unnecessary prescriptions, and inadequate dosing, the evolution of antibiotic resistant bacteria has advanced at an astonishing rate (CDC, 2014; Laxminarayan et al., 2013). The urgency for maintaining antibiotic efficacy has become a global epidemicRead MoreA Comparison Of Current Biofilm Prevention Methods And Prevention2632 Words   |  11 Pages A Comparison of Current Biofilm Prevention Methods and Investigation of Potential Treatments Katie Johnson Abstract: The topic of biofilm formation and prevention has intrigued researchers for years. Biofilms can lead to serious infections, and are extremely difficult to treat after they have already formed. Due to this difficulty, prevention rather than treatment has become a focal point of biofilm research. Different materials could be tested for potential antimicrobial properties, which, ifRead MoreModern Medicine Has Been The Development Of Antibiotics12095 Words   |  9 Pagesmodern medicine has been the development of antibiotics1. Innumerable lives have been saved by the use of antibiotics, which still remain the backbone of therapy for bacterial infections. The first ÃŽ ²-lactam, penicillin G (benzylpenicillin [fig 1, compound 1]), was discovered by Fleming in 1928, and introduced as a clinical antibacterial agent in the early 1950s. Penicillin was of great clinical significance and its success incited the exploration for and the development of further derivatives. ThisRead MoreThe Disco very of Antibiotics by Alexander Fleming3198 Words   |  13 Pagesgain and prevent illness. In 2010, 13 million kilograms of antibiotics was consumed by farm animals which constituted a 200 000 kilogram increase from 2009. Many of the antibiotics given to livestock are antibiotics that are used to treat urinary tract infections and pneumonia in humans. This increases the likelihood of bacteria becoming resistant as our bodies are consuming the antibiotics (indirectly) without any need for them. The increase in bacterial resistance caused by the use and abuse ofRead MoreT Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia4676 Words   |  19 PagesGlucocorticoid receptor (which is found almost in all tissues). Then, in order to synthesis of particular proteins for immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory, this complex transport to nucleus where it bind to DNA and then active gene expression by in tracts with DNA modifying transcription and transcription machinery (by binding to transcription factors). As a result of this biological effect, by inhibition cytokine production, leading to death of cancerous cells and induces cell cycle arrest and also

Daycares Should not be Allowed to Give Toddlers Milk - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1412 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2018/12/19 Category Health Essay Type Argumentative essay Level High school Tags: Children Essay Did you like this example? There has been an issue on whether the children in daycares should be given breast milk or formulas. This is an issue that has brought about mixed reactions from various scientists, daycare providers as well as some mothers. Not everyone advocates for the idea of exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Daycares Should not be Allowed to Give Toddlers Milk" essay for you Create order While some mothers have adopted using whole milk and formulas for their toddlers some claim that they actually prefer breastfeeding and others even delay the weaning process. Daycare providers who are against the idea of mothers providing expressed milk have given various issues on why they are adamant to the idea. Again turning to the scientists in many cases they insist on exclusive breastfeeding if the mothers are in a position to do so owing to the multiple benefits of the milk to the baby. Others on the other side claim it is important but not necessary especially in settings that formula can be used. What does the government say? Policies have are for the idea of breastfeeding and even offer more incentives for those mothers who breastfeed. Additionally, there is no policy that prohibits children in daycares from taking the breast-milk. The dilemma comes in for parents who want to enroll their toddlers in daycares, should their children be allowed to continue taking their expre ssed milk or should they adapt to formulas? Mothers who are separated from their infants face a great deal of stress under the best of circumstances. The use, storage, and handling of their breast milk in daycare settings should not become another burden of concern for them. Breast milk is the best nutrition and health protection for the baby, whether it is delivered directly through nursing at mothers breast or from a bottle by a caring child care provider. This was La Leche Leagues statement to daycare providers. This is a clear summary of the feelings of most mothers who have chosen to exclusively breastfeed. Every mother has a right to their toddlers feeding and nutrition habits and therefore imposing restrictions is actually going against their rights. Despite the fact that those who are against their children taking formulas have a choice to take their toddlers to schools with more friendly policies, they shouldnt be discriminated in any way. Actually, the law states their choice and protects their right to breastfeed cl early under the federal Sex Discrimination Act 1984. According to the law any daycare provider profit or non-profit cannot refuse an application or fail to offer places for the children who are breastfed, has no permission to ask the mother to stop breastfeeding when a child joins daycare, must let the mother to either provide expressed milk or breastfeed in their premises, has to feed your child on breast milk if thats what you please and support the mother in this as long as the child is in their hands. Some daycares today are for the idea that children adapt formulas and other supplements and actually start taking solids after the age of 6 months. However, Section 407.210 item #21 of the Administrative Code for IL State Daycare Licensing Standards states very clearly that Children between 1 and 2 years of age who are not on human milk or infant formula shall be served whole milk unless low-fat milk is recommended in writing by the childs medical provider. This is a clear indication that a toddler whose mother provides expressed mil k then the formulas shouldnt be given in place of this milk or even as a supplement. Some daycares raise concerns that other babies may take the expressed milk that is not from their mothers. They claim that such accidents occur especially when the expressed breast milk is in open cups. That is an issue but not strong enough to deny these mothers their rights. Just like it is a concern for children with allergies for cow milk to be provided with alternative milk so it is such an issue. Others complain of babies who have issues with bottles but that a slight issue that can be solved by either spoon feeding the child or asking the parent to provide a Sippy-cup. Therefore this a supervision concern and not a policy concern. Daycares against breast milk for toddlers ask for notes from pediatricians if the child must be on special diet. In the first place breast milk is actually a necessity for a toddler hence no medical notes are required even the policies dont state anything of the sort. Most management has misunderstood the USDA program that underwrites the cost of food and labor for children at daycares and other institutions even for adults too. This should not be the case since the USDA is very clear with its policies. After the age of 12 months, the USDA specifies that the child be fed whole milk (which the USDA assumes will be whole cowu2019s milk), but the FDA notes that u201cBreastmilk meets the requirement of a milk substitute and can be served to children over the age of 12 months.u201d Mom may need to have a note on file saying that she is providing expressed breast milk for her child (a medical statement is not required), and the facility will need to document that the parent provided breast milk (or any other foods) so they will get credit for having provided the proper foods even if they did not purchase all of them. There are other complains from the daycare providers pertaining the same issue. They claim that for the toddler room is the last place that a teacher would want to be. Constant attention is required for each child, they to be fed at the right in the correct time spans and the teacher has to ensure that all requests by parents have been met. Additionally, the teacher has to take notes on the progress of the toddlers just in case there is anything that the parent needs know. They also have to ensure that diapers are often changed. As a result of these tasks, many will complain that having a child who is not taking formulas means more task for the teacher since in some daycares separate labeling of the milk bottles has to be done. Also, the teachers are also instructed to wear gloves when handling breast milk in such daycares. It is irrefutable that the teachers in daycares have lots to do but some of the extra restrictions are uncalled for. Additionally, the daycares could consider ha ving only a manageable number of toddlers. There are also cases where the daycares claim that the milk provided is insufficient. In most cases, the babies tend to take more formula than they do with breast milk. Some providers start pressurizing parents of such babies to adapt the formulas on grounds that the milk they put on the bottles is not enough. The mothers know what is best for their babies some do not want the stomachs of their toddler stretched by lots of milk. Actually what is important is the amount of nutrition, therefore, the pressure should not be there. Breast milk remains the best food for a toddler. Daycares should not in any way prohibit mothers from providing expressed breast milk for their toddlers. Not only does this milk reduce the chances of getting infections like ear infections for toddlers but also provides sufficient nutrition for the child. Though science doesnt give unequivocal study on exclusive breastfeeding, a mother who chooses to do so should be left unquestioned. Daycares should let mothers choose what is right for their babies. All the excuses given are concerns about supervision and management hence the ball is more in their court. Work Cited Thompson, Amanda L., et al. Milk-and solid-feeding practices and daycare attendance are associated with differences in bacterial diversity, predominant communities, and metabolic and immune function of the infant gut microbiome. Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology 5 (2015). Monsivais, Pablo, Shannon Kirkpatrick, and Donna B. Johnson. More nutritious food is served in child-care homes receiving higher federal food subsidies. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 111.5 (2011): 721-726. Moon, Rachel Y., Lauren Kotch, and Laura Aird. State child care regulations regarding infant sleep environment since the Healthy Child Care America-Back to Sleep campaign. Pediatrics 118.1 (2006): 73-83. Basrowi, Ray W., et al. Benefits of a dedicated breastfeeding facility and support program for exclusive breastfeeding among workers in Indonesia. Pediatric gastroenterology, hepatology nutrition 18.2 (2015): 94-99. Foss, Katherine A. Breastfeeding Promotion, Formula Marketing and the Role of Health Professionals. Breastfeeding and Media. Springer International Publishing, 2017. 81-102.

The Theories of Democracy - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 709 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/02/13 Category Politics Essay Level High school Tags: Democracy Essay Did you like this example? July 4, 1776 was the date that the United States of America gained its freedom from the monarchy of Great Britain. The U.S. citizens could not take anymore of King George III’s rule and fought for a different government system, one where they could have a voice and independence. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Theories of Democracy" essay for you Create order The U.S. was founded based upon these desires and therefore they formed a democracy. The question however, is which kind of democracy did the U.S. become? There are three theories of which America could be, being pluralist, elitist or direct. A pluralist democracy consists of groups that are formed by people who share a common interest and compete against other groups, while an elitist democracy is the belief that those with power and money are the only ones that influence the government and lastly in contrast, a direct democracy is a system in which the individual citizen directly participates in politics (â€Å"Who Governs?† 2016). All three theories of democracy can be viewed inside America. Chinatown and Little Italy are examples of a pluralist democracy because they keep to their own culture while continuing to contribute to the U.S. with their opinions (â€Å"Examples of Pluralism† 2016). Senators and house representatives can be considered elitists, due to the f act they hold a political position where they have a direct voice to the situation, which also most likely means they came from a wealthy family and were given a superior education. For instance, Barack Obama, the first black president came from Hawaii, a very expensive state due to tax imports and attended a private school. It was found that in a 2003 survey, 41% of house representatives and 46% of senators had their children attend private schools. It was also recorded that an amendment to provide scholarships to students from low performing public schools was turned down because that would have meant those students would have been able to attend schools in the same area as the congressmens children (Chen, 2011). Many believe that America is a direct democracy because the constitution states â€Å"we the people.† Although this historical document is meant to determine the country belongs to the voices of the individuals, the United States can be best explained to be a plura list democracy. Although many congressmen are considered to be elitist, they are chosen to be the people’s representatives. Individuals all have a standpoint on what they desire. To make these desires come true, they form into a group. For example, democrats and republicans. These groups of people who have common beliefs on how the government should be run bond together and choose a representative. This representative is the larger voice for all the individuals that make up the group and despite they are part of a higher class, they maintain the same interests, therefore the elitist is more of a group member than above the rest. Another example was, â€Å"In Sturges vs. Crowninshield the question was whether the State of New York had the power to pass a bankrupt law, it being alleged that the power to pass bankrupt laws was vested exclusively in Congress.† (Ritcher, 1929, p. 515). Both the state government and congress in this case, were the competing groups that were fighting over who had the power to pass the law, bringing the question which group has more power? The U.S. is considered to be a melting pot, being one of the more diverse nations with all kinds of different ethnicities, religions, cultures, and backgrounds. All these different beliefs mean that these groups compete for different objects, such as money, power, resources, anything that would be in the groups best interest. This competition may create some conflict but overall is more beneficial since each group is able to listen, understand, and respect one another (Norman, 2018, p. 2). America is a society with a democratic government system to express its ultimate value of freedom. It involves representation but is a pluralist democracy. Individuals make up a group who have an elitist that speaks for their beliefs but is considered an equal member because of shared ideals. Many groups within the U.S. compete against each other over what they want or believe is best for that group, making the pluralist democracy theory the best theory to describe the United States of America.

Three Branches of the U.S. Federal Government - 862 Words

Barbara Cherry Phase 1 IP CJUS290-1402A-01 Prof. Christine Lee 04/14/2014 Describe the 3 branches of the U.S. federal government. 1. Explain the role of the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. The role of the Legislative Branch is that they are the only branch that can create new laws. They have an enormous amount of power. Elections are held every two years for the House and every six years for the Senate. The have two parts one is the House of representatives and the other is the Senate. The people elect them. (Pg 9)Makes the laws The role of the Executive branch is invested in the President of the United States and also acts head of state and Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces. They are made up of a Cabinet†¦show more content†¦With the states united under one government to keep the states from chaos. 4. How does this impact the criminal justice system? Explain. With regard to the criminal justice system, explain the roles of the following primary components: 1. Law enforcement: They provide law enforcement personnel include traffi9c citations, criminal investigations and emergency response as well as crime prevention. They are there to enforce all laws set in place by the government. It is on the local and federal levels. Without law enforcement society would be in chaos. 2. Criminal courts: The courts are there to put the right sentencing to punish the criminal and assign probation and fines, jail, or prison time that suites the crime. The criminal courts deal with business and professions and the government. 3. Civil courts: The civil courts deal with standard lawsuits between people over torts contracts family law issues, juvenile issues, and issues involving rights of the people. They handle probate cases and guardianships. The civil courts deal with rules and regulations. 4. Corrections: The corrections are responsible for managing all persons in custody and in the community serving your sentence. Corrections staff should keep a professional attitude to each inmate and treat them with dignity and respect. They help you to become a law-abiding member of the community. They are there to help the offender to stop committing crimes. They help out the communities byShow MoreRelatedEssay about The Three Branches of the U.S. Federal Government997 Words   |  4 PagesThe Three Branches of the Federal Government There are three branches of the federal government, the executive, the judicial, and the legislative. The executive branch consists of such people as the president, the cabinet, and the executive offices of the president. The executive branch is known for enforcing laws created by the legislative branch. The judicial branch entails the United States Supreme Court and the Federal Judiciary. The judicial branch must review the laws the executive branchRead MoreThree Branches of Government1117 Words   |  5 PagesThree Branches of the Federal Government In May 1787, 55 delegates from 12 states, Rhode Island declined, met in Philadelphia for the Constitutional Convention. The purpose of the convention was to revise the Articles of Confederation, but what occurred was the writing of the U.S. Constitution. George Washington was unanimously elected as President of the Convention. After four months of deliberations Gouveneur Morris submitted the final draft and 39 of the 55 delegate present signed the ConstitutionRead MoreThe National Government Of The United States1445 Words   |  6 PagesThe National Government of the United States of America consists of three branches. These branches of government, which include the legislative branch, the executive branch, and the judicial branch, separate the government s power into a form of checks and balances. 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Traditionally, the branches of government are broken up into three different aspects, which have differentRead More The 3 Branches of the American Government Essay1532 Words   |  7 PagesThe 3 Branches of the American Government The constitution was established by men who had experienced the dictatorships of Europe and had escaped from its grasp. They sought to establish a form of government that would never allow a dictatorship or tyrant ruler to hold power over the people like in the places they had fled. With their creation of the foundation of what our government is today they created a system where 3 branches were all of equal power and each could be overruled by anotherRead Morepol215 r5 foundations worksheet week1 J974 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿University of Phoenix Material Foundations of the U.S. Federal Government Worksheet Complete the following chart by identifying the three branches of government and their entities. U.S. Constitution Short Answer Respond to each question in 75 to 100 words. 1. WhatRead MoreConstitutional Law And The Legal System830 Words   |  4 PagesJurisprudence and its continued evolution will have a resounding effect on both the rights and liberties of the individual for generations to come. Division and Enumeration of Powers The first three articles of the U.S. Constitution describe the division of power among the three branches of the Federal Government. Article I, Sections 1- 10 enumerate the powers and duties of the Legislative branch. Article II, Sections 1-4 concern the powers and duties of the Executive Branch and Article III, SectionsRead MoreThe US Constitution Essays1703 Words   |  7 PagesThe plan to divide the government into three branches was proposed by James Madison, at the Constitutional Convention of 1787. He modeled the division from who he referred to as ‘the Perfect Governor,’ as he read Isaiah 33:22; â€Å"For the Lord is our judge, the Lord is our lawgiver, the Lord is our king; He will save us.† http://www.eadshome.com/QuotesoftheFounders.htm The founding fathers of the American Constitution divided the government up into the following three branches to prevent the majorityRead MoreThe Constitutional Convention Of Philadelphia Essay1535 Words   |  7 Pageswere experienced in colonial and state government. When Thomas Jefferson found out who had been appointed he wrote â€Å"It is really an assembly of demigods† to John Adams. That summer in Philadelphia, the men, drew out a document defining the distinct powers for the the president, the federal courts and the Congress. This division of authority that was established is known as the principle of separation of powers, and it ensures that none of the branches of government can overstep their boundaries. OneRead MoreThe Structure of the American Government1562 Words   |  7 PagesThe 3 Branches of Government The constitution was established by men who had experienced the dictatorships of Europe and had escaped from its grasp. They sought to establish a form of government that would never allow a dictatorship or tyrant ruler to hold power over the people like in the places they had fled. With their creation of the foundation of what our government is today they created a system where 3 branches were all of equal power and each could be overruled by another which prevented

National Buy Nothing Day Free Essays

Buy Nothing Day was created to protest consumerism. Though some think this is a marvelous idea of giving the finger to big companies, many others don’t see the point in a day that will not be effective because of the greed of Americans for luxurious products and the counteraction of the companies that will cause consumers to buy anyway. Americans are known for desiring items that are not necessities. We will write a custom essay sample on National Buy Nothing Day or any similar topic only for you Order Now This is shown on Black Friday. Almost all Americans wait outside major store, such as Wal-Mart,Target, K-Mart, for hours just to have a new laptop or flat screen tv for thirty percent the normal price. Another example are products at the cashier. When most people go into a store, they have their mind preset on a product or products they are going to buy. But, usually their product list ends up unnecessarily enlarging because they see some candy they want, or even their child wants. Who wants to say no to children? Those type of products are strategically placed there for the consumption of Americans that do not need. A Buy Nothing Day would not be so effective since Americans are willing to spend their money on just about anything they want. Buy Nothing Day would also be ineffective because of the counteraction that the companies would take to help themselves economically. If companies know about Buy Nothing Day and are against it, they are going to try to get consumers to buy their goods. The law of demand ,relating to Economics, shows that as demand lowers, prices will as well. So companies will lower their prices to get more consumers buy their products. Since Americans are greedy, they’d want the products they have at a lower price and the companies are not losing because they were originally not going to receive any profit anyway if all consumers participated in Buy Nothing Day. Buy Nothing Day is a nice thought. The attempt at unifying consumers against companies is inspiring. But, realistically, it wouldn’t happen since Americans love buying things and companies are going to lower prices. With those to combination, there might actually be more sales that occur on Buy Nothing. Buy Nothing Day will be truly ineffective if it ends up like a Black Friday. How to cite National Buy Nothing Day, Papers

Corporate Governance Corporate Business Boards

Question: Describe about the Corporate Governance for Corporate Business Boards. Answer: Part A Introduction Corporate governance is a structure of regulations and procedures to direct and control the business operations of organizations. One such regulation is appointment of women on corporate boards. However, this regulation created a big challenge on terms of gender diversity in Australian Boards (Carroll Carson, 2015). The present report argues on the critical issues on gender diversity on corporate boards that may hamper in meeting the target of Australian Institute of Company Directors (AICD). The assignment is presented by following the analysis and assessment of evidence of gender diversity in Woolworths Limited, a company listed in ASX 200. There would be an assessment of gender diversity issues that affects the performance of organizations business along with the recommendations on taking initiative on gender diversity policies. Discussion Companys Background Woolworths Limited, Australian listed company is a second largest company by revenue amounted to A$59 billion and profit of around A$ 1.2 billion in the current financial year 2016. The companys corporate governance practices and framework represents the business constitution, directors and management, disclosure policy, policy on diversity, risk management, board charter and such other important policies (Woolworths, 2016). Issues of gender diversity on the companys board Gender diversity is a system under which company represents equal proportion of male and female employees as their workforce (Bhattacharya et al., 2016). In this regard, Woolworths limited have taken measures to have a diverse workforce to encourage the employees outlook as well as the business environment. However, the company experiences several issues on gender diversification that affects the productivity and business performance. Respect in the workplace: Teamwork and mutual respect are two essential components of a favorable diversified organization. It is important to accept the individual differences to create sound work environment to develop the productivity and performance (Honor et al., 2015). Considering this issue management of Woolworths Limited worked to build and foster positive relationships among team members with the group of key stakeholders. The company has employed more than 53.5% women workforce as per the current details and the company is also working on increasing the women leadership in the organization. This diversification is one of the reasons for the company to improve its overall performance in recent years. Conflicting issues: One of the major issues of gender diversity is issues on racism, lack of respect and discrimination that creates conflicts among the team members of the company. Most of the companies are male dominating and therefore these conflicting issues arise on change in the workforce or appointment of women employees in the workforce that eventually hampers the companys performance (Marinova et al., 2015). However, Woolworths Limiteds workforce on employing more than 53.5% of women employees and 38.6% of women managers has improved the business performance. Such improvement was possible due to development of cultural understanding and creation of appropriate business protocols and policies in the organization. Communication: Another issue exists between the employees affecting the performance of the organization is communication issue. It occurs when there are language differences or lack of understanding among the members of the organization. The Woolworth Company identified this issue and the management had taken steps to resolve it by conducting training sessions, monitoring the performance, direct consultation with the members to review the problems. Such initiative by the company has helped in becoming the largest retailer in Australia with second highest revenue (Cumming et al., 2015). As the company was experiencing growth phase in the financial year 2004, it planned to increase the focus on gender diversity to create the workforce parity between men and women. Additionally, as per the requirements of Australian Government Board and Australian Institute of Company Directors, appointment of women employees and leaders has become mandatory. It has been observed since 2010 that the women have high performance from different cultural background and high boardroom experience in several growing industrial sectors (Liao et al., 2015). Considering such efficiency in the women aspirants, the Australian board has set standards to recruit women employees on corporate board that would enhance the business performance as well as development of country. In order to maintain the requirements of AICD, Woolworths Limited included its policies on gender diversity in the corporate governance procedures by incorporating policies like flexible work structure and parental leaves (Rao Tilt, 2015). The company was the first to incorporate paid parental leave in Australia, which was accessed by around 2,278 employees in the year 2013. Further, in the year 2007 to 2011 CEO of the company focused on building womens role in leadership with respect to the talent in different sectors and background to bring the considerations for senior roles. Such step has been taken to improve and develop the women roles to enhance the business performance, which has been around 27% in the year 2011. In order to determine the requirements and responsibility to bring change in the corporate boards, it is important to think rationally (Scheim Bauer, 2015). Gender equality in an organization determines the contribution of peoples complete potential for the benefit at economical, social, political and cultural level. Gender parity at corporate board is important to improve the business performance by following the governance policies, business decisions and financial requirements. Considering the fact, Woolworths limited is currently employed 202,000 out of which more than 50% are women employees and more than 30% at higher level as senior employees. Such diversification represents huge improvement in performance in the business activities recording second highest sales in the current financial years (Vasilescu et al., 2015). Currently, competing motivations are apparent with respect to gender diversity on corporate boards as well as at lower levels. The company as both part- time and casual work has employed employment for workers with disability, older workers and indigenous employees. However, Woolworths Limited had to experience certain issues like harassment, generation gap, gender biasness and disabilities (Quintana-Garca Benavides-Velasco, 2016). The company had introduced the policies on diversity by conducting necessary trainings, education sessions, comfortable work infrastructure and appropriate equipments. Recommendation Therefore, it can be said that the organizations should maintain the gender diversity in conducting the business functions. Such diversification assists the organizations to improve the business performance and maintain the sustainable growth in the current competitive industries. Accordingly, Woolworths Limited should initiate its gender diversity policies by monitoring the metrics. The company can evaluate the average earnings of men workers and women workers at each level along with the relative percentage. Evaluation of promotional percentage can also be done by Woolworths Limited to enable the assessment of success of diversity policy. Managing the supply chain is another initiative the company can undertake in its gender diversity policy to make sure that there is parity in senior level workforce. Such initiative assists the business organization to create the reputation and performance in the current competitive economy where women employees are considered to be more competent . The company can introduce certain privileges for older and disabled employees at workplace to fulfill their basic requirements that motivate them to perform at their highest capacity. Conclusion As the Australian government board taking initiative to incorporate gender diversity in the organizations not only at employment level but also at corporate level, the organizational management are also responsible for the same. In case of women employment, social pressure with respect to family responsibility is one of the major reasons that hamper their productivity and objectives. Hence, the organization should take the initiative to provide such benefits and education that there should be parity in workforce in each of the level and sector that would enhance the business performance. Part B Introduction Whistleblower policy has been a common and critical element in the organizational corporate governance framework as well as in the system of internal control. It is more regular in the public sector organizations rather than in private sector organizations that becomes a part of corporate fraud and misrepresentation of financial reports (Puri et al., 2016). Lack of best practices on whistleblower policy in the companies may result in investment risk and hamper the business performance. The following report has been prepared to identify the potential risk from the whistle blower policy on the companies and on the concerned officials. The report would also focus on presenting the recommendations for best practice standards to minimize such risk to be adopted by the public sector organizations. Discussion Whistle Blower Whistle Blower is an individual or a group of individuals who discloses the information or details of the organization that is considered to be illicit, incorrect or unethical either in public or private sectors. However, act of whistle blowing is more common in public listed companies that are done by internal or external persons connected with the organization (Goel Ramesh, 2016). Risks associated with the act of whistle blowing Recognition of public value from the act of whistle blowing is increasing since 50 years and thereby many countries and states have been forming statutes and laws to protect the whistle blowers as well to minimize the risk involved in the companies. Some major risks that involved with the act are trust, retaliation, break in chain of control and enterprise repercussions. Such risks may result in the organizational business performance and reputation that affects the profitability and growth. Therefore, whistle blower policy is required by the companies to maintain legal compliances, ethics of business operations and internal code of conduct compliance (Hope, 2016). Whistleblower Best Practices With the constant rise in issues from the act of whistle blowing, the government board and corporation statute have taken steps to resolve such issues by introducing best practices in the whistleblower practices (Lewis Vandekerckhove, 2016). Several acts and legislations have been introduced to protect and minimize the risk involved with whistle blowers. Sarbanes- Oxley Act, one of the popular acts introduced by the government board under corporate governance framework to protect the public interest and investors. The act mandated the organizations to establish systems to allow unidentified reporting or disclosure by the employees to protect the investors interest through true and fair disclosure of organizational information (Anderson et al., International Perspectives. Handbook of Academic Integrity). The Australian government in several states has legislated whistle blower policies focusing more on listed companies by incorporating code of conduct on directors as well as on senior executives. In case of Wesfarmers, one scandal with respect to the disclosure of inflated revenue amount of departmental store. It was observed that the company had reported its income by inflating around $2.1 million during the six months revenue generation report whereas the earnings of overall group were inflated by 1.1% (Tahir et al., 2016). Accordingly, the corporation law and government board have incorporated policies on protecting the identity and confidentiality for the purpose of true and fair disclosure of information. It has been made mandatory on part of individuals or an organization that discloses any wrongdoings should be given protection on disclosing the identity. However, such disclosures made by the person or organization should be authorized by law and should be required to undertak e for further investigation (Gomes, 2016). Another best practice on the whistleblower policy is protecting the files and records. It has been made compulsory for the authorities to retain the investigated files, records and documents under stringent security. It was ensured by the board that release of any information in violation of the policy would be considered as serious matter under the disciplinary procedures of Wesfarmers (Turpan, 2016). Apart from that, the companies are required to have best practices in whistleblower policy with respect to the fairness for adequate disclosures and reporting. Employees or contractors of companies who make reports or discloses information in good faith would be required to report their superiors of their respective team that includes harassment, dismissal, disciplinary action, demotion or any other unfavorable behavior (Holmes et al., 2016). The companies are responsible to safeguard the employees who report any misconduct in the form of retribution of allowance for anonymous reportin g. For instance, in case of Commonwealth Bank employees reported for misconduct within the organization which was overlooked and led to unfair representation in the reports for the use of members and investors (Goel Ramesh, 2016). The companies are required to follow best practice in whistleblower policy by making certain that the workers or staffs of the organization are able to report by using external means like helpline or emails. The companies should incorporate internal controls in the business operations to prevent the prospect risks or any damage. The responsibilities to scrutinize and formalization of procedures should be maintained to track the reporting issues by internal members or external members (Elhai Frueh, 2016). Recommendation Whistle blowing act is one of the major issues in corporate governance that listed companies are experiencing. In order to resolve the related issues companies have been directed to follow the whistleblower policy to protect the future risk and damage. According to the requirements of Accounting Board and Corporations Law, the companies are required to disclose such corporate governance policies in the financial report for the benefit of investors and companies. It is recommended to the companies to maintain the confidentiality with respect to the information as well as to protect the whistleblowers. The companies are required to make it mandate that the reporting should be made in written form in accordance with the compliance of law. All the disclosures and reporting by the employees, contractors or external members should report the subject matter in writing form to the concerned official. On such receipt, the officials are required to take initiative on the investigation process to check the viability of the reported matter. The whistleblower policy should contain the process of thorough investigation of any reported matters to safeguard the companies potential risk and for the benefit of stakeholders. Additionally, there should be adequate communication channels for the purpose of reporting misconduct and its viability. There should be appropriate communication for conducting the investigation process, timing, points of the issues to be checked and the areas to be dealt with. Moreover, the policy should also incorporate the need of conduction sessions on direct communication with the organizational members to identify the issues and guidance for the business performance by maintaining the transparency and fair accountability. The company should establish the requisite code of conduct for leadership, senior management and executives, directors along with the lower level employees to operate the business in true and fair way. Conclusion Considering the above discussion, it can be concluded that the requirement for good corporate governance for the companies is essential. The government of Australia has adequately formed several legislations and acts to be followed by the listed companies to manage risk and corporate issues. It is significant for the companies to prepare and present the financial information by maintaining the transparency and adequate disclosures. The companies are required to disclose the policy on corporate governance for the purpose of sustainability, growth and profit maximization. Some of the largest companies of Australia like, Wesfarmers, Commonwealth Banks etc. have experienced unfavorable issues from the detrimental disclosures made by internal members. Although such disclosures were made in good faith as well as for the public interest, there must be appropriate procedure and disclosures. Therefore, the listed companies should adopt the best practices on whistleblower policy to safeguard t he business risk and public interest. Reference List Anderson, M.S., Adam, J.A. and Snyder, S.C., 2016. Research Integrity: International Perspectives.Handbook of Academic Integrity, p.881. Elhai, J.D. and Frueh, B.C., 2016. Security of electronic mental health communication and record-keeping in the digital age.The Journal of clinical psychiatry,77(2), pp.262-268. Goel, P. and Ramesh, R.S., 2016. An Empirical Study of the Extent of Ethical Business Practices in Selected Industries in India.IUP Journal of Corporate Governance,15(1), p.46. Gomes, J., 2016. Portugal: The Protection of the Whistleblower from the Perspective of a Country Without Specific Legislation. InWhistleblowing-A Comparative Study(pp. 235-242). Springer International Publishing. Holmes, A.P., Grimwood, B.S. and King, L.J., 2016. Creating an Indigenized visitor code of conduct: the development of Denesoline self-determination for sustainable tourism.Journal of Sustainable Tourism, pp.1-17. Hope, K.R., 2016. The Corruption Problem in Swaziland: Consequences and Some Aspects of Policy to Combat It.Journal of Developing Societies,32(2), pp.130-158. Lewis, D. and Vandekerckhove, W., 2016. Trade unions and the whistleblowing process in the UK: An opportunity for strategic expansion?.Journal of Business Ethics, pp.1-11. Puri, V., Sharma, B.C. and Kumar, M., 2016. Voluntary Human Resource Disclosure Practices of Selected Listed Indian IT Firms.Drishtikon: A Management Journal,7(2). Tahir, S.H., Sohail, S., Qayyam, I. and Mumtaz, K., 2016. EFFECT OF CORPORATE GOVERNANCE INDEX ON DIVIDEND POLICY: AN INVESTIGATION OF TEXTILE INDUSTRY OF PAKISTAN.Journal of Economic and Social Development,3(1), p.139. Turpan, C.C., 2016. Whistleblower: More like Cybercriminal: The Computer Fraud and Abuse Act as Applied to Sarbanes-Oxley Whistleblowers.Rutgers Computer Tech. LJ,42, p.120. Bhattacharya, D., Li, W.H. and Rhee, S.G., 2016.Does Better Corporate Governance Encourage Higher Payout?: Risk, Agency Cost, and Dividend Policy(No. HIAS-E-20). Carroll, W.K. and Carson, C., 2015. Forging a new hegemony? The role of transnational policy groups in the network and discourses of global corporate governance.journal of world-systems research,9(1), pp.67-102. Cumming, D., Leung, T.Y. and Rui, O., 2015. Gender diversity and securities fraud.Academy of Management Journal,58(5), pp.1572-1593. Honor, F., Munari, F. and de La Potterie, B.V.P., 2015. Corporate governance practices and companies RD intensity: Evidence from European countries.Research policy,44(2), pp.533-543. Liao, L., Luo, L. and Tang, Q., 2015. Gender diversity, board independence, environmental committee and greenhouse gas disclosure.The British Accounting Review,47(4), pp.409-424. Marinova, J., Plantenga, J. and Remery, C., 2015. Gender diversity and firm performance: Evidence from Dutch and Danish boardrooms.The International Journal of Human Resource Management, pp.1-14. Quintana-Garca, C. and Benavides-Velasco, C.A., 2016. Gender Diversity in Top Management Teams and Innovation Capabilities: The Initial Public Offerings of Biotechnology Firms.Long Range Planning,49(4), pp.507-518. Rao, K. and Tilt, C., 2015. Board composition and corporate social responsibility: The role of diversity, gender, strategy and decision making.Journal of Business Ethics, pp.1-21. Scheim, A.I. and Bauer, G.R., 2015. Sex and gender diversity among transgender persons in Ontario, Canada: results from a respondent-driven sampling survey.The Journal of Sex Research,52(1), pp.1-14. Vasilescu, B., Posnett, D., Ray, B., van den Brand, M.G., Serebrenik, A., Devanbu, P. and Filkov, V., 2015, April. Gender and tenure diversity in GitHub teams. InProceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems(pp. 3789-3798). ACM. Woolworths Online. 2016. Woolworths Supermarket - Buy Groceries Online. [online] Available at: https://www.woolworths.com.au [Accessed 3 Sep. 2016].

Structural Analysis Of Bible Passage

Question: What is Structural Analysis of Bible Passage? Answer: Analysis of Bible Section: II.1 Act 20: 11: (refer to the appendix 1) The passage that has been selected for analysis of the sentence structure is Act 20:11. The particular sentences used in the passage concern with Pauls actions. Here he refers to Paul. In the previous phrase, it has been demonstrated that Paul went down from the upper room and prayed over him and assured his friend that the soul has returned or would return to the body. The phrase that is discussed here immediately follows this event. In this phrase (Act 20: 11) it has been presented that Paul went back to the upper room where the disciples were gathered and ate for the bodily refreshment. After that, he spoke of the doctrine and ordinance of the gospel and other spiritual and divine experiences without the conception of when to leave. Then he left without taking any rest. The analysis of the passage has been given in accordance with the following categories: Word order: The word order that has been followed in this particular passage is that of the simple sentence structure of the English sentence, which is subject verb object. Example for such word structure can be identified in the phrases such as he therefore was come up again and he departed even though the second phrase that has been mentioned here does not possess an object the reset of the sentence follows the simple sentence structure that is subject followed by the verb. Yet, in the phrases such as and has broken bread, and eaten and and talked along while there is no subject directly the subject of the previous phrase he serves as the subject in this phrases as well. The subordination through indentation: The prepositional phrase has been used in the sentence such as come up again and taken a long while. The adverbial clause that has been used in the passage includes till break of day and taken a long while. The noun clause that has been used in this sentence is break of day. The repeated use of punctuation such as and, or comma (,) also enables to conjoin the various elements of the sentence. Coordination: In this particular passage, the coordination has been attempted to be established in the phrases such as: And had broken bread, and eaten and and talked a long while Again, the coordination has been established through the phrases such as, even till break of day and so he departed The structural signals: And in and had broken bread, and eaten, and talked a long while. The word even has been used in the even till break of day and so has been used in so he departed. The punctuations have also been used in order to signal the structure of the sentence. The grammatical structure diagram: The grammatical structure diagram is given bellow: Reference list: Journals: Pattemore, S. (2010). Green Bibles, Justice, and Translation.The Bible Translator,61(4), 217-226. doi:10.1177/026009351006100405 Websites: Godandscience.org,. (2015).The Six Days of Creation: A Closer Look at Scripture. Retrieved 2 February 2015, from https://godandscience.org/youngearth/six_days_of_creation.html